Titanium-based lambda probe: what are its features?

For some time, cars used oxygen sensors based on titanium oxide.

As a rule, in this case, there is only one sensor in the exhaust system. 3 or 4 wires are connected to it.

A titanium-based lambda probe is more accurate than zirconium, but more expensive. Such a sensor does not communicate with the atmosphere, does not generate voltage and has an increased measurement range.

It is energized and works almost like a flow meter: that is, it is energized through the ECU and outputs a signal in the form of a voltage.

The signal constantly changes (approximately 1 time per second) from 0.4 to 3.85 - 4.5 Volts. A low voltage indicates a "rich" mixture, a high voltage indicates a "poor" one.